Accounting Roles in the Company and Importance of Accounting Essay

Accounting is an information and the measurement that system identifies, records and communicates information about an organization business activities. In business we used accounting in all the aspects. The most common contact through accounting is through credit approvals, checking accounts, and payrolls. In a layman term accounting is a language of business because all the organization set up an accounting information in order to communicate information to help people to take decision.. There are 2 kinds of decision makers: 1) External Users and Internal Users External users: They are not directly involved in running the business. So, they will have a very limited access to an organization details. Still their business decisions depend on the information that is reliable, comparable and relevant. . External users include people like Lenders, Government shareholders, external auditors and regulators.. Example: External auditors use financial statements to verify that they are properly prepared according to GAAP. 2) Lenders would look into the information whether an organization will repay its loan and interest. 3) Customers use financial statement to check the power of the suppliers. See more: Homeless satire essay Internal Users: They are directly involved in managing and operating an organization they will help in improving the efficiency of the business. They include managers, officers(employees), internal auditors, and sales staff . Example: Managers would look into the information about the project cost and revenues in order to makes changes in products and services. Both Internal and external users rely on internal controls in order to control, monitor company activites.

Current Research in Astronomy Essay

For many astronomers, Adaptive Optics is something like a dream coming true. Since 1609 and the first observations of celestial bodies performed with the help of an optical telescope, astronomers have always fought to improve the resolving power of their instruments. For a long time, engineers have trimmed the optical quality of the telescopes, until they finally reached the barrier set by the atmospheric turbulence. At that point, the intrinsic quality of the site became a major issue to establish new observatories with modern telescopes, and astronomers started to desert the urban skies and to migrate toward mountains and deserts (Alloin and Mariotti 2004 9). The recent emergence Adaptive optics aims at providing diffraction limited long exposure images at large telescopes, which is greatly considered as one of astronomy’s breakthrough (Alloin and Mariotti 2004 9; Espinosa 1997 12). By far, the largest limitation to the application of adaptive optics to astronomy is very limited sky coverage when using natural guide stars for wavefront sensing. Similar limitations existed for many military applications of adaptive optics (Espinosa 1997 12). Adaptive optics systems provide a real time correction of the distorted wavefronts; they restore all the properties of light prior to the final part of its travel through the atmosphere (Alloin and Mariotti 2004 9). Discussion Adaptive Optics: Wavefront and Laser Guide Star (LGS) Adaptive optic systems for atmospheric turbulence compensation require a reference star for correcting wavefront distortion. The sodium LGS relies on resonant backscattering of a laser tuned into the D2 sodium absorption line to provide a reference, but LGS must sufficiently bright to correct high order wavefront aberration (Zamorano, Gorgas and Gallego 2001 317). The key concept in adaptive optics is the wave front, which is found by tracing out an equal optical path (distance x refractive index) from a source to the region of interest. For a point source and free space, wavefronts are spherical, and for starlight, the distance is so large that for all practical purposes the wavefronts entering the Earth’s atmosphere are plane. After propagating through the random refractive index of the atmosphere, the wavefront entering the telescope pupil is random, and its statistics determine the image quality, and govern how an adaptive optical system might be used to compensate for the distortion (Agerorges 2000 4). Such effect greatly depends on the laser lunch power, polarization’s beam, atmospheric transmission and the sodium column density, which, if obtained appropriately, might even enhance the imagery, increase the scope of telescopic observatory, and improve the image details of pictures obtained from astronomical studies (Zamorano, Gorgas and Gallego 2001 317). The use of LGS AO has caught on quickly within the astronomical community in large part because, equipped with adaptive optics operating at the diffraction limit in the near-infrared, the new 6- to 10-m telescopes possess the capability to match the angular resolution in the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in the visible and to exceed its resolution in the near infrared (Rodier 256). Laser Guide Star LGS, basically, is a technology that utilizes AO imaging in order to enhance graphical imagery of telescopes and view astronomical images with additional quality. The technology uses an artificial star in order to act as a wavefront reference source, which consequently corrects light distortion (Zamorano, Gorgas and Gallego 2001 317). The need for a bright stellar was always a concern for astronomical applications of adaptive optics. To operate, a wavefront sensor must have sufficient light to overcome photon noise and background noise with enough light left over to form the image. In astronomy, few stars of scientific interest are sufficiently bright. For imaging uncooperative satellites, reflected light is often too dim or nonexistent. In 1985, French astronomers Foy and Labeyrie published work detailing how one might use backscatter from a laser focused to a point in the atmosphere as an artificial beacon (a guide star) for astronomical adaptive optics. As work progressed in the astronomy community to build and test a laser powerful enough to have sufficient backscatter for the Foy-Labeyrie method (Tyson 2000 5). Since the beginning of the 1980s, classified U. S military work was addressing the problems of projecting high-energy laser beams from the ground to space for missile defense and secure communications. The research from 1982 at the U. S Air Force Starfire Optical Range (USAFSOR) directed by Robert Fugate advanced the laser guide star concept and produced a wealth information about laser performance requirements, adaptive optics system operation, atmospheric physics, and closed loop image of space borne objects. By 1991, the bulk of military work on laser guide starts was declassified and made available to astronomers around the world (Tyson 2000 5). Currently, LGS is being developed by various nations, setting up their own laser beacon and extensively enhancing research through the said technology. The use of a laser beacon as the reference source enables faint objects to be compensated by adaptive optics, at the expense of greater hardware complexity. The laser beacon must be directed within the isoplanatic angle of the science object at the observation wavelength; although, this procedure provide only short-exposure correction. On the other hand, a fixed natural guide star possesses the ability to further stabilized the image during long exposures so that sky coverage depends on the distribution of stars, which consequently enhances the space imagery (Hardy 1998 309). There are many cases where the object itself, such as a sunlit satellite, is insufficient for wavefront sensing. In astronomy, there are billions of stellar objects too dim for sensing and not near enough in the sky to bright objects. For high-energy laser propagation to uncooperative targets or satellite tracking and imaging, an artificial source must be placed above the atmosphere to provide photons for the wavefront sensor and subsequent compensation. Lasers actually provide only partial correction, because a natural star still is required and opposite tilt upon traveling up into the atmosphere and returning (Tyson 2000 6-7). Particularly exciting development is the use of adaptive telescope mirrors to compensate for the distortion of stellar images produced by atmospheric turbulence. Using adaptive optics, ground-based telescopes are now demonstrating diffraction-limited performance, albeit over relatively small fields of view. It can be expected that large ground-based telescopes will have higher resolution and light-gathering power than space-based telescopes, since both of these performance metrics depend on aperture size. Moreover, ground-based telescopes can be larger than those space-based ones; hence, enabling higher development and scope for stellar imagery. The adaptive optical system of LGS displays 0. 07-arcsecond resolution, which is almost a hundred times better than past ground-based telescope systems but uses a telescope built approximately 80 years ago (national Research Council 1998 137-138). Conclusion LGS AO is one of the breakthroughs of current astronomical imagery, which provides enhanced images and display features that are usually not present in the space-based telescopes, such as HCT. The mechanism involved utilizes a guide star or an artificial star that facilitates the graphical imagery. LGS works as distortion corrector enabling enhanced imaging through AO ground-based telescopes. Conclusion Ageorges, N. Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics for Astronomy. Springer, 2000. Alloin, Danielle M. , and Jean-Marie Mariotti. Adaptive Optics for Astronomy. Springer, 2004. Espinosa, Jose. Instrumentation for Large Telescopes. Cambridge University Press, 1997. Flectcher, L. † Solid State Laser for Subaru Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics. † Subaru Telescope. 6 July 2005. 8 Jan. 2008 . Flectcher, L. Observational Methods. 14 Feb. 2005. 8 Jan. 2008 . Hardy, John W. Adaptive Optics for Astronomical Telescopes. Oxford University Press, 1998. National Research Council (U. S. ), . Harnessing Light: Optical Science and Engineering for the 21st Century. National Academies Press, 1998. Roddier, Francois . Adaptive Optics in Astronomy. Cambridge University Press, 1999. Tyson, Robert K. Adaptive Optics Engineering Handbook. CRC Press, 2000. Zamorano, Jaime, Javier Gorgas, and Jesus Gallego. Highlights of Spanish Astrophysics II. Springer, 2001.

Supply chain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Supply chain management - Essay Example Businesses make plans based on the time it takes to ship or airfreight goods from one place to the next. The time it takes from order to delivery is factored into the lead time and in arriving at a re-order level for inventory supplies. Some firms do not have enough warehouse space to store goods and so they depend on the goods to come when they are needed by the customer. Tang (2006) indicates that systems such as reducing the supply base, just-in-time (JIT) and vendor managed inventory, and outsourced manufacturing are some of the supply chain initiatives that have been used to increase revenue and reduce assets. However, Tang (2006) also indicates that although these are great initiatives in a stable environment they have created longer and more complex global supply chains which increase their vulnerability to disruptions. Although, the implementation of such systems are represents measures that firms employ in their attempt to become cost effective and therefore competitive. How ever, Lee (2004) indicates that there is generally a very large hidden cost which accompanies cost efficiency measures when disruptions occur. Therefore, cost efficiency needs to be balanced with agility, adaptability, and alignment. Lee (2004) also indicates that the objective of agility is to respond to changes in demand and supply that occur in the short term expeditiously; in the case of adaptability it is to make the necessary adjustment to the design of supply chains in order to accommodate changes in the market; and in terms of alignment, seek to improve the performance of supply chains by establishing incentives in order to motivate partners. Lee (2004) also suggests methods that can be used to achieve these objectives. When these disruptions take place there is loss of revenue as firms often run out of supplies. In the case where the supplies are finished goods it means that customers will be inconvenienced. This inconvenience is even greater when there is no other source o f supply. If the goods are raw materials it means that production may have to be halted until a new supplier is found or until the supplies of goods arrive. Therefore, customers will also have to wait longer before their demands can be satisfied. Firms also face increasing costs because of the fact that when supplies have to be sourced temporarily to fill demand it usually comes at a higher price than normal. While this is taking place permanent employees have to be paid even if they have nothing to work with. In most cases workers who are employed temporarily are laid off until things return to normal. Though the firm may be able to charge the customer based on the increased price, it is not normally possible especially when the price was already quoted. Additionally, increasing the price may result in the loss of customers. There may also be issues relating to reliability as customers do not expect firms to run out of stock without giving due notice. If the customer is dependent o n only one supplier then this will definitely have a negative impact resulting in a total loss of business from specific customers or a partial loss of business. This partial loss or reduction in demand from specific customers may result from their (the customers) application of various strategies to prevent any reoccurrence of this type of scenario. Therefore, instead of using one supplier the

Critically analyse the logistical changes that Morrisons would have to Essay

Critically analyse the logistical changes that Morrisons would have to make if it was to address one of the three suggested caus - Essay Example The company has a vertical supply chain consisting of manufacturing units, packaging and processing units, procurement units and distribution centers. All these units are integrated and managed by latest technological devices. The major areas where Morrison operates are Netherlands and UK. Headquarter of the company is located at Bradford, UK. Tesco, Asda and Sainsbury are the major competitors of Morrison. Traditional supermarkets have been a major destination for grocery shopping. However, because of the strict economic scenario, the competition in the UK grocery market has become intense and tough (Hackney, 2006). Hence the companies need more effective and sustainable tools to compete in this environment. Considering the present crisis which Morrisions is facing, excellently managed strategic operations and diversifications in the new market are needed by the company to retain its profitability and grow in the market. Morrision’s current operations consist of supermarket c hains and convenience stores, dominated by supermarkets. The brand’s current distribution centre follows a vertical integration approach. The logistics and supply chain is privately monitored by the company. The major advantage of this model is that there are no middlemen in the distribution system and customers are provided with value for money products and fresh fruits at lower prices. This also helps in quicker response to changing customer trends. The major rationale behind choosing this model is operating in ownership. Morrisions is a family owned business and the company promoters expect an ownership in majority of operations executed in the Company. The brand claims cost leadership and reasonable turnaround from the current business operations. The company is involved in both production and retailing of food products. The supermarket chain has collaborated with Scottish Agriculture College to carry out research in the field of agriculture and farming. The company is en gaged in two forms of production; just in time which includes preparing food products like sandwiches, burger or salads inside the store and readymade and fresh food products which are supplied on a daily basis. According to the recent report from Telegraph, 2013, the sale of Morrisions dropped continuously for six weeks till December 2012. This loss of sales was more than the loss accrued by its major competitors. The possible cause resulting in this loss was expected to be small number of convenient stores and no online presence. The supermarket is not into online food selling despite its biggest competitors, Tesco launching its online website in the year 2000. The company has only 12 convenience stores in the country. Apart from this, the majority of Morrisions’ supermarkets are positioned outside the affluent areas of London. Most of the revenue generated from the supermarket stores is from those areas which are less popular and sparsely inhabited. This shows a clear lack in the placement of strategies in the UK market. The company’s revenue from the affluent parts of UK such as London is only 6 percent, compared to 12 percent from the rest of the UK. A data from the British Retail Consortium throws some light on the significant changes in the operations of the food retail industry. There has been a significant rise in

Training Programme for Production Manager Assignment

Training Programme for Production Manager - Assignment Example Top-Toy AS is a multinational company headquartered in Denmark with offices and outlets in Finland. This company produces and markets toys in many countries. In order to reduce manufacturing/production costs Top-Toy AS has moved its production of some toys to China. Top-Toy AS has also begun a new policy of shipping its products directly to its distributors in various countries rather than to Denmark to eliminate some of the costs of getting the product to market. Top-Toy has positioned a manager in China to facilitate communication between its headquarters and the manufacturing plant in China. One of the tasks of the China based manager is to help establish Top-Toy's global organizational culture that has made Top-Toy so successful in other markets. The managerial position in China is a three-year posting of an employee from either the Denmark headquarters or their Finland branch. This is a highly sought after post because it increases the value of the employee to Top-Toy AS and alm ost assures that employee a promotion upon their return to Europe. Top-Toy AS's challenge has been to set up an appropriate training programme for prospective managers. The prospective manager chosen for the next three year rotation is Finland native Frans Gustafsson (hypothetical character). Frans is a thirty-five year old married man with two young sons. Frans attended university in the United Kingdom and holds an MA degree. His native language is Finnish and he also has a good command of the English language. Frans' wife Hanna and his two sons Bo and Luukas will accompany him on his rotation. He has one year before his rotation begins and must use that time wisely to prepare. Frans is in luck! Top-Toy AS has developed a training programme for its managers. Frans will complete the training programme with an alternate candidate (chosen in case Frans can't go) who is first in line for the following rotation. The men's wives have been invited to attend various portions of the training programme as well. The first issue to be addressed are the language skills the Fran's will need to communicate with his Chinese counter parts. Both couples were provided with a programme called "RosettaStone level one Chinese that claims that you can "Learn a language naturally with Dynamic Immersion" (Rosetta Stone website). Both couples were also enrolled in an intensive Chinese language and culture course at the University of Helsinki. A very important part of the course at the university is a study in the cultural differences that exist when conducting business. Frans, and the others, were encouraged to focus on the cultural differences that exist between Chinese workers and Scandinavian workers. In China, managerial relationships with workers have traditionally focused on relationships and family backgrounds. The factory took care of your family while you worked hard for the factory (Su Yi, pg 1.). In contrast, western European managerial/worker relationships are based upon qualifications, compete ncy, and performance. Fran's, and the others, have to learn how to effectively manage in the Chinese workplace. Frans, and his alternate, will communicate frequently with the current manager in China to get a feel for the managerial style that is currently being used at the factory. Both

Significance of the Ecosystem Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Significance of the Ecosystem Services - Essay Example These are economic decisions and depend on both the implicit and explicit societal values. In this article, I will give examples of ecosystem services, biodiversity concepts and how the ecosystem is considered from economics, ethics and science points of view. Examples of ecosystem services include regulation of climate. This is one of the most significant services of the ecosystem on a worldwide and European scale. European ecosystem functions as a significant role in the regulation of climate because the terrestrial ecosystem in Europe resembles a carbon sink in approximately 12 percent of the carbon emissions that humans emit to the atmosphere. Another example of ecosystem service is the purification of water. Both the soil organisms and vegetation have profound effects on improvements of water. Vegetation is a critical factor that helps in control of floods. Wetlands and forests often offer water at a lower cost compared to manmade facilities such as water treatment plants. Anoth er example of ecosystem services is the regulation of pests and diseases (Wilson 17). This occurs because of the actions of parasites and predators and also defense mechanisms of their prey. One example of this control of pests and diseases is the offered by insectivorous birds that are available in the farmlands. Biodiversity concepts refer to variability and variety of living organisms. Biodiversity is significant in the functioning of the ecological systems. Ecosystem services represent the ecological process that humans may benefit. These processes function on an infinite number of scales. A number of ecosystem services ensure that their productivity in agriculture, including pollination, soil formation and pest control (Wilson 34). Biodiversity concepts may include diseases and pests control. Predators that prey on the parasites and insects control plant diseases.

Contemporary Hero's Quest - Harry Potter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Contemporary Hero's Quest - Harry Potter - Essay Example In spite of them being from the wizarding world just like Harry, their efforts unfortunately, cannot match that of Voldermort’s powers. They, therefore, give up and later earn his trust and further help and prepare him for the journey to the unknown world to seek help (Campbell, 2003). In the initiation, the hero experiences trials on the way that makes him weak and vulnerable to the evil forces. He undergoes a change where he discovers a new self with divine supernatural ability. The hero meets two goddesses; the first enlightens him of his new adventure while the second tries to mislead him to give up his quest. Through separation, the hero becomes aware of the new forbidden wizarding world. He enters a threshold-entrance to the wizard world of his destination. Transformation occurs after he crosses the threshold, moves into the world of darkness where he undergoes a rebirth and his old self-dies (Campbell, 2003). He eventually receives a prize he has longed for and reluctantly returns with his new found powers and wisdom from forbidden world. He encounters a chase by the evil forces on his way back, but he quickly adapts to his new self and survives the chase crosses the threshold back to the new world. The power that the hero returns with eventually saves the world from the evil forces (Campbell,

Reward Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Reward Management - Essay Example Employees in present times are no longer satisfied with mere cash-based rewards (Dewhurst, Guthridge, and Mohr, 2010). They are increasingly seeking alternate sources of reward mostly non-financial such as recognition of their work and contribution made towards organizational success, health benefits, policies that enable them to strike a perfect work-life balance, positions of authority that enable them to exercise control and take risks to accomplish challenging objectives, etc among others. Motivating such diverse and talented pool of human resources has hence become highly challenging for the organizations. They are now compelled to reassess their reward management strategies and revise them in accordance with the changing demands of the industry, and include novel strategies that appeal to the individual tastes and preference of their employees. This includes initiating organization wide changes in the management styles, re-organizing the design systems, and incorporating the principles of transparency and fairness, by seeking active participation of employees in the reward design process. The rules of the workplace have evolved during the last couple of decades and the realities of yesterday no longer hold true in present times. The drastic change brought about by information technology, globalization, and expansion of the marketplace has entirely changed the rule of the game. Organizations today are no longer chasing customers but are also compelled to come up with innovative strategies to retain their skilled pool of human resources. Employee retention through implementation of motivational reward oriented strategies has assumed a top priority for the management. This paper on reward management discusses the various issues concerned with performance oriented pay structures, including the effectiveness of rewards on employee performance, the relationship between non-financial rewards and employee performance, the application of flexible reward policies, impact of non-financial rewards, the relevance and significance of integrated approach to total reward, and the issue of employee entitlement trap. 2. Relationship between rewards and performance: Various studies have indicated that there exists a strong relationship between rewards and employee performance (Guzzo et al., 1995; Jenkins et al., 1998; Hansen, 1997; Stajkovic & Luthans, 2001). Employees play a key role in enhancing the organizational performance. Hence it is imperative for organiz ations to ensure that the employees are appropriately rewarded for their contribution towards organizational development through an effective reward framework. The significance of effective reward management strategies for organizations can be ascertained by the fact that rewards help the management in preventing employee burnouts and provides them with adequate strength and motivation to address the various challenges encountered on the job (Schaufeli et al., 2002). It has been observed that employees are often subject to severe stress. This is particularly evident in service industries such as banking and the hospitality sector where the employees are directly in touch with the customers. Consumers today are getting more and more demanding

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 37

Case Study - Essay Example Just to keep employees on their feet, customer feedback cards are available in each store so that customers can contribute to helping the company to improve efficiency. Lastly, the company’s IT system has helped it to continue to stay one step ahead of its customers by providing products that they want before they know they do. All of these factors have helped to contribute towards Giordano’s competitive advantage in the marketplace by helping it stay ahead of the competition. 2) Giordano’s operations strategy is very consistent with its marketing strategy. The focus of Giordano’s marketing efforts is on two areas, high-quality service and low cost leadership, both of which Giordano are very successful at achieving. The test will come when Giordano is forced to move its marketing strategy away from low cost leadership to a combination of high quality products at considerable prices. If Giordano is able to adjust its operations strategy to take this new market positing into account, then the company has a very good chance of capturing a significant market share. 3) The biggest operations management challenge for Giordano as it expands into new territories is staying true to its principles. Although the company will need to adjust its marketing strategies based on the local culture, the focus still needs to be on excellent customer service along with high quality products. As of right now, Giordano does not allow its foreign subsidiaries to act independent of each other. Control is centralized in one region: Hong Kong. If Giordano is going to increase its market share in new markets, then it will need to rely more upon locals to increase performance and efficiency. There is nothing wrong with monitoring each foreign subsidiary from Hong Kong, but there needs to be some freedom given to subsidiaries so that they can become a force in their local market. 4) For Giordano’s operations strategy in the

Credit & Identity Theft Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Credit & Identity Theft - Research Paper Example You should know all of your payment due dates. Make a list of all your regular due dates and if a bill doesn’t show up, look into it right away. You should always review your medical insurance claims and statements. Medical costs are so high that it would only take one or two fraudulent claims to leave you owing thousands of dollars for treatments someone else received. Another way to protect yourself is to invest in a paper shredder. There is just so much information on so many different bills and statements that can easily fall into the wrong hands. Before you throw away anything with any personal information on it, shred it! Another good idea to take advantage of the three free credit reports that you can access every year. You can space them apart so that you can review a credit report every 4 months. Not only is it important to keep someone from accessing your identity or your credit but it’s just as important that you become aware of it right away. The longer it goes undetected, the longer it will take you to repair your name, your identity and your credit. It’s important to keep in mind that this is a global problem. Last year I got a phone call from my credit card company asking if I had made two charges totally about $1000 in France. They told me that the two charges were actually â€Å"swipes† at two stores in Paris, France which means that someone had actually made up a fake credit card with my credit card number on it and passed it through a credit card machine. Even though they didn’t allow the two charges I felt violated that somehow somebody had gotten my credit card information. Mine was a small case. Some people have been financially ruined with their bank accounts emptied; credit cards â€Å"maxed† out, home and car loans initiated without the victim’s knowledge until it was too late. As I stated earlier, if your identity is stolen it is important that you find out as quickly as

How The Meaning Of Democracy And Globalization Differs In Deferent Essay Example for Free

How The Meaning Of Democracy And Globalization Differs In Deferent Essay Globalization is making international trade more easy and accessible. Business operations cut across transnational borders in contemporary times, more than before. Furthermore, there are increasing numbers of players in the international trade and deal transactions than ever before. The neo-liberalists views in international trade has always supported a globalize and open market order in which every countries is expected to open up its market and imbibe the culture of free trade, free economy entry and exit of labor and the opening of the state economy to the international market for active competition. The adoption of open markets have resulted in the political responses in terms of change in the political structure, that is hitherto exhibited and the way government intervene in her country’s economy. This change has resulted in the adoption of the neo-liberal stand. Even, the communist states are now gradually opening up to the trade zone to international transactions. â€Å"Globalization can be briefly defined as, the intensification of economic, political, social, and cultural relations across borders† (Holm Sorensen, 1995:4). According to Yeung (2002), from an economic perspective the term globalization is defined as â€Å"the rapid proliferation of cross-border production, trade, and investment activities spearheaded by global corporations and international financial institutions that facilitate the emergence of an increasingly integrated and interdependent global economy†. Thus, globalization is a transformation of the world order to become accustomed to the changes of time and the pattern of the world order. Democracy is seen as a system of government where the government is accountable to the people, and sovereignty of the state lies with the people. Cultural differences in terms of the practices and way of living of people makes them adapt to different conceptualization and practice of philosophy associated with democracy and globalization. DIVERSITY IN CONCEPTUALIZING DEMOCRACY AND GLOBALIZATION IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES Williams (1983) try to capture in his book the differences between in articulated experience and the general conclusion reached in regards to democracy and globalization. This according to him has lead to the covert disappointments in the failure to formulate that tension abstractly. People’s experience in actual life sometime differs from the principles underlying democratic practices and the gains and pains attributed to globalization in the 21st century. Williams work preoccupies with the connections between human ideology and societal culture. The cultural difference between countries and political and economic settings tend to present different realities pertaining to democracy and globalization. For instance, in underdeveloped African countries democracy in the real sense which has to do with government by the people and where full public accountability is emphasized is a far cry from the realities. African leaders are corrupt and tend to infringe on people’s human rights. There is poor public accountability, amidst high level of corruption. The interpretation giving to democracy in the advanced western world respects the rights of the people and public accountability is emphasized. Sovereignty should lie with the people according to democratic principle, but in African countries that practice democratic rule, the leaders see themselves as custodian of sovereignty, as it is observed in a monarchical rule. The African culture embraces a fatalistic perspective to life, while the western culture tends to strive for change. This fatalistic lifestyle as made globalization not too beneficial to underdeveloped African countries, as they rely on primary goods production, which are grossly under priced in the international trade level. Williams thus, recognized the importance of taking individual and social circumstances into consideration as this bring about the differences in interpretation to vital issues of life, like democracy, human arts, industry, class and culture. The role of developing countries in globalizing the world is one in which they play significant role. Most raw materials utilized in both advanced economy and in processing into finish, products are sourced from developing countries from Africa, Asian, and Latin America. At the aftermath of the Uruguay Round Agreements (URA) the role of developing countries in global economy has increased significantly. Furthermore, the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is harnessing trade negotiations within developing countries. According to Michalopoulos (1999), â€Å"The integration of the developing countries into the multilateral trading system has been especially impressive for a group of perhaps 15-20 middle and higher income developing countries in Latin America and Asia†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The increasing significant of developing countries in speeding up the global development ascribes on them certain responsibilities that is expected for them to play. This comes in way of putting in place a smooth export trade zone for its raw materials and free movement of labor in and out their national boundaries. Some developing countries in assuming this responsibility has formed export agency among them to enable the smooth export trade in raw materials. â€Å"†¦exports have risen b y more than 10 per annum in volume since 1970†¦ the developed countries combined gross domestic product (GDP); at the beginning of the 1990s†¦accounted for 1. 8 per cent of GDP, whereas the figure in 1999 was 3. 2 per cent† (Akyuz, et al 2001). Developing countries has developed policies in their exports, which is characterized by imposition of control and taxes on export of primary products and foodstuffs, and also they tend to provide incentives and subsidies to their exports manufacturers (Michalopoulos 1999). Thus, the need to create a trade free zone and easy passage of primary products to international zone where they would be converted into finished product is one responsibility developing countries need to carry out. Furthermore, the developing countries play the significant role in the supply of labor, in the production process, given their large population. Developing countries have large labor markets, thus the supply of this to the global labor market goes a long way in contributing to global development. Thus improving of labor skills in developing countries is a way the usefulness of labor in this part of the world would contribute significantly in area of global development. In this view, Akyuz, et al (2001), has it that â€Å"improvement in labor market conditions will also require a reorientation of development policies at the national and global levels, particularly with respect to the speed and pattern of integration of developing countries into the global economy†. The role third world countries play in globalization is directly connected to how their cultural background and interpretation to the phenomenon is connected to their occupation and way of life. For instance, countries in Africa, it has 70 percent of its workforce in peasant farming. Thus, the continent economy is agrarian and thus, its involvement in globalization is in the production of primary product. On the other hand, advance western countries like U. S. and EU states, including advance Asian countries like Japan, China, produce finish products like automobiles, electronics etc. While the western world would conceive globalization as an expanded place for trading, with the less barrier to trade, the underdeveloped countries something conceive this as a continue exploitation of the westerners and the dependency on their products. CONCLUSION Democracy has in contemporary times being widely acknowledged globally in the political realm and in work place. Workers participation are urging for more participation as a way to embrace democracy. In addition, this globalization phenomenon has made organized capitalism to transit from corporate capitalism to monopoly capitalism not it is in its customer capitalism. However, democracy is different interpreted by countries in line with their cultural setting. While the advance political states seeks for more respect for human rights and public accountability, the underdeveloped state in their nascent democracy are trying to fight huge level of corruption and leadership oppression as it is being notice in Zimbabwe where Mugabe is hindering any move of oppositions. In addition, the conceptualization of globalization by different countries depends on the receiving end they find themselves in the international trade. While those countries primarily engaged in the production of primary products such as raw materials cry for unfavorable term of trade, the advanced economic countries see globalization as a pattern for encouraging free trade and maximizing economic wealth. REFERENCES Akyuz, Yilmaz, et al (2001), â€Å"Globalization, Inequality and the Labour Market† http://www. flassbeck. de/pdf/GLOBALIZ. PDF. (02/12/07)Michalopoulos, Constantine (1999), â€Å"Trade Policy market Access Issues for Developing Countries: Implications for the Millennium Round† http://wbln0018. worldbank. org/research/workpapers. nsf/bd04ac9da150d30385256815005076ce/a70066326b8be18c85256818005b9fb6/$FILE/wps2214. pdf. (2/12/07) Williams, Raymond (1983) Culture And Society: 1780-1950, Columbia University Press. Yeung, Henry W. (2002), â€Å"The Limits to Globalization Theory: A Geographic Perspective on Global Economic Change† Economic Geography, Volume 78, Number 3, July http://www. europe. canterbury. ac. nz/courses/euro223/yeong. pdf. (02/12/07)

The video Game Console Wars Essay Example for Free

The video Game Console Wars Essay Compare and contrast Nintendo’s marketing strategy for the Wii with Sony’s strategy for PS3. By the end of 2006, two game console industry giants, Nintendo and Sony had launched their respective new products; the Wii and PS3. Various marketing strategies were implemented by both rivals and this writing attempt to analyse common and differing elements. Similarly, both companies had a product differentiation strategy, with the aim of being distinctly set apart from their competitors by the viewing market.  However, different elements of this strategy were focused on by the firms. For instance, Nintendo differentiated via product form and design. Instead of the traditional controller where buttons are pressed, the Wii had a wireless motion-sensitive controller, which recognises the player’s arm movements. Thus, actions such as golfing, tennis and even dancing can be detected by the game. It is assumed that the rationale behind this is the fact that â€Å"new things and ways of doing things† always grab attention, whether good or bad. Thus, Nintendo’s aim would have been to gain the market’s attention and then convince them positively about the Wii. Conversely, Sony attempted to differentiate through performance quality. Heavy investment was made on a new processing chip and a laser diode, which would rev up the speed drastically and offer superior graphics quality. The video gaming industry prides itself on graphics; hence differentiating in this area may significantly increase demand. One believes however, that Nintendo’s product differentiation strategy had a stronger impact than Sony’s. This is because Sony followed the industry norm, of each new generation of machines being faster and more powerful than the preceding generation, as the case states. Thus, the market was already expecting the enhanced features, compared to the curiosity of a completely new game design by the Wii. With reference to the Ansoff Matrix framework, Nintendo implemented a marketing diversification strategy, whereby they offered a new product to new markets (in terms of untouched customer segments). Nintendo’s designers, according to the case, deliberately developed a machine that is simpler to use, since the complexity of current games appeal only to advance gamers.  This thus,  would allow market reach to a broader demographic of new segments, thereby beginning to challenge Sony’s market share dominance. For instance, males and female above and below the common age bracket of video game players may now demand the Wii. On the other hand, Sony implemented a product development strategy, by launching a new product in their existing market segment of customers, as the Ansoff theory advocates. Hence, Sony’s PS3 targeted their current customer segment for the PS2. A marketing strategy of Sony may have been to have first mover advantage, by launching in November 2006 in the United States before the Wii. Most studies indicate that the market pioneer gains the greatest advantage, however sometimes it can be risky and expensive. In Sony’s case, they would have easily been able to capitalise on the fans of the playstation and PS2 and new customers entering that market. Their downfall however was inadequate launch preparation and planning with regards to their diode technology, as mass production issues caused shortages. Thus, achieving the Christmas season’s full revenue potential was lost. Even though Nintendo was the second mover launching a month after in December, they had an international marketing launch strategy being executed. They made the Wii available in the United States, the Eurozone and United Kingdom. As a result, the benefits of being the first mover would have been gained in the Eurozone and United Kingdom. It is note d that Sony launched the PS3 four months after in Europe. Being the second to enter that market, Sony may have researched any problems Nintendo may have encountered and adjusted accordingly, for a smoother launch. Nintendo appears to have implemented a market-penetration pricing strategy. The Wii at a cost of $250 is 50% less than the 20-gigabyte PS3 (smaller hard drive machine). At this lower price, it is easier for the product to penetrate the market due to affordability in most segments. This aligns with the assumed company’s aim of maximising market share in the current and new segments. To achieve this, Nintendo ensured that the Wii was less costly to manufacture. Moreover, a higher sales volume may lead to lower unit costs and higher long run profits. Conversely, Sony is believed to have a market-skimming pricing strategy. The company invested $2 billion in technology, so this strategy aims at recovering the maximum amount of revenue to cover the high costs incurred in the early stages of the product life cycle. Additionally, S ony has a strong brand due to the success of their previous machines (PS2 and  playstation) and the high price assists in communicating the image of a superior product with quality.What is the key to the Wii’s popularity? The key facet responsible for the Wii’s popularity lies in the innovative design, which â€Å"calls to action† the player with physical movement. The writer views the wireless motion sensitive game console as a new, simple and fun method of gaming for all age groups. As a result, it may appeal not only to the traditional expert video game player like the PS3, but other individuals outside that segment. It thus makes marketing sense, if Nintendo promoted the game as a family requirement for cultivating an enjoyable, quality family time with members. It seems also a great game for various informal social events. Furthermore, since different types of games can be played, the Wii has the potential to appeal to a vast number of different market segments. For instance, The Wii Fit is an exercising game, where aerobics, yoga and other body strengthening activities can be done. Thus, the Wii Fit may have been positioned as a convenient way of losing or maintaining your weight, as it can be done in the comfort of one’s home and a more enjoyable method compared to simply following an instructor on a DVD. Likewise, sports fanatics may gravitate towards the Wii sports for the games of their interest. There also is the possibility of the Wii being used for rehabilitation after a stroke or injury, due to it body strengthen capabilities. It must be noted, that Nintendo’s international marketing strategy of launching in three distinct major areas, was a contributing factor towards the quick popularity gained. The areas were the United States, the Eurozone and the United Kingdom. This means that great strategic marketing focus had to be made on the different areas, to accommodate international cultural differences and legalities. As a result, Nintendo may have had to implement global product strategies for market adaptation in areas such as price, sales promotion, colours, labelling and advertising execution, to name a few. 3. Do you agree with Sony’s decision to incorporate a Blu-ray DVD player in the PS3. The writer agrees with the decision to incorporate a Blu-ray DVD player in the PS3.  Firstly, Sony is considered one of the market leaders in the consumer electric industry; where the brand is known for high quality and advance technology. Since the  consumer market started demanding more high definition TVs and viewing of DVD’s in high definition, it made good marketing sense to satisfy that need for high definition imagery in the video games, which ultimately reinforced the company’s brand. A â€Å"spin off† from this implementation of Blu-ray, is that the PS3 can actually be used by consumers to watch Blu-ray DVD movies, for those who may not own a Blu-ray DVD player. Thus, the value of the PS3 may increase, due to more product uses than the main function. Secondly, it was wise for Sony to include the Blu-ray DVD player in the PS3, due to their current product range developments. Sony had already launched the Blu-ray video format in their DVD players, thus the inclusion in the PS3 was a commendable and necessary marketing move, in order to keep as many products in the range up to date with the latest technological advancements. More importantly, this was a medium to push and promote the adoption of the Blu-ray in the market, reflecting strong strategic planning for profit maximisation. The draw back to the implementation however, was the issue of mass-production difficulties of the diode for the Blu-ray, resulting in shortages for the U.S holiday launch, as the case explains. Thus, it is assumed that there was a deficiency in proper operational planning and execution. This can be a critical concern with new product planning, since shortages can greatly impact forecasted revenue streams and significant opportunities may be lost. In Sony ’s situation, the launch was around the Christmas season, where many PS3s may have been gift considerations and individuals generally spend more on commodities at this time, due to Christmas bonuses and advances. Thus, Sony would not have been able to capitalise on this, due to low supply of machines. In the final analysis however, if Sony had anticipated any production issues to cause marginal temporary shortages at the launch, one is of the opinion that this is not drastic a problem enough, to decide forgoing the implementation of the Blu-ray. This is because consideration is given to the return on investment with the Blu-ray inclusion and the technological drive in the industry at large. The Blu-ray would have generated greater demand than the HD-DVD and take longer to become obsolete, thus having an extended life-span. Some industry observers have noted that the battle between HD-DVD and Blu-ray is reminiscent of the showdown between Beta and VHS videocassette  formats in the 1970s. What was the outcome? The videocassette showdown between Beta and VHS in the 1970’s mainly was a clear example of â€Å"listening and responding† to what the market wants. It began when Sony produced Bata, a video standard which had a recording time of 60 minutes. Almost one year later, JVC launched the VHS, which is another video standard that had a recording time of 120 minutes. The two videocassettes were different in size and completely incompatible. The VHS was cheaper than Beta; however the longer the recording time resulted in a degraded quality of image. The market nevertheless, wanted a longer recording time, which allowed for longer movies and football matched to be recorded. Sony held their end for more years supplying the more upscale market with the 60 minute high quality videocassettes, but eventually in the mid 80’s they had to offer videocassettes with a longer recording time to remain competitive. By then however it was too late and VHS already held dominance in the market. VHS won the battle and in 2002 the last Beta machine was produced. Sony’s mistake was not listening to what the market wants and not willing to compromise the quality to satisfy the market. The battle between HD-DVD and Blu-ray is quite similar, however this time Sony is not the defender, but the challenger. To forecast who the winner may be, the same underlying factor exists, regarding listening to the market and responding. The case explains of the continuous electronic industry’s upgrade towards high definition TVs and DVD movies. Thus, one can assume that consumers want a player which provides the greatest quality of high definition. A common element between HD-DVD and Blu-ray is that they have 1080 lines of resolution (the highest quality video playback possible) on their widescreen HDTV set, as the case shows. Thus, consumers are going to look for other factors which can determine which player provides better quality. Firstly, the fact that Sony’s Blu-ray technology is incompatible with Toshiba (assuming other rival products as well) and can only be used on Sony products, signals that Sony is trying to maintain a type of niche market, which in essence aims at guaranteeing that using Blu-ray technology on Sony products will produce the best quality. This is similar to what Apple does with their range of products. Secondly, over the years Sony has positioned and built their brand to represent â€Å"high quality† and thus brand loyalty is strong among customers in the electronic industry. Lastly, price sends  market signals and the common understanding is that high price tends to reflect high quality. The case states that Sony BDP-S1 and S300 cost $999.99 and $600 respectively, compared to Toshiba’s models ranging from $399.99 to $799.99. Thus the higher price of Sony can be assumed to have better quality. Conclusively, HD-DVD and Blu-ray battle is almost mirrored in Beta and VHS rivalry. VHS won the battle since they satisfied the market’s demand for longer recording time with the videocassette. With HD-DVD and Blu-ray, the market is assumed to want high quality on their high definition widescreen HDTVs. The writer believes that Sony with their Blu-ray technology would win the battle, given that they can reflect a better level of quality over Toshiba, through â€Å"non-1080 lines of resolution† factors.

Technology Push Development

Technology Push Development Part 1: Short questions Technology push development: The Pebble watch is a radical innovation. Eric Migicovsky created a watch to use whilst bike riding, the watch had to communicate with his smart phone, providing message notifications. The technology was tested but the concept was new; creating a whole new market of smart watches. Figure 1: Pebble watch (Pebble Technology, 2012) Market pull development: The digital camera is an example of this, customers wanted a product that takes more pictures and shows results instantly, through technological advances incremental changes were made to go from a standard film camera taking 36 pictures, to digital cameras that can take 1000s. Figure 2: Rugby ball evolution (Image: History-Gilbert, N.D Rugby ball Wikipedia, N.D) The above figure shows how the rugby ball has evolved over time. Left- The first rugby ball made from pigs bladder stuffed inside leather housing, the size of the bladder determined the shape and size. Middle -The first official rugby ball, this had a rubber bladder, the shape and size could be controlled, this is due to material enhancements. Officials then called for a ball that is uniform in shape and size. Due to advancements in technology and manufacturing processes, we now have the ball on the right; made from plastic and rubber. Goal: This sets out the desired result or solution we want the design to achieve. This does not state how this should be achieved. Context: The target audience / market is set out in this section, who are we designing this new product for. Constraints: In this part we specify restrictions for the design such as budget, time frame, even things like materials that should be used, is placed in this section. Criteria: Is a wish list of things we would like the design to achieve. It provides a method of how the design solutions will be graded; the design that fulfils most of the criteria will be preferable. Figure 3: Android TV box Remote control The remote above is a good piece of equipment but in my opinion it has one main design failure. The remote communicates via infrared with the TV box, meaning if there is no clear line of sight: then the remote does not function. This can be very frustrating. The TV box has WIFI and Bluetooth capabilities built in; so by removing the infrared and replacing with a Bluetooth connection we could eliminate the need for line of sight making the remote a pleasure to use. User test: A group of selected persons are asked to use a product with a specific and controlled set of instructions so everyone uses the product in exactly the same manner and normally at the same time, unlike laboratory conditions but like a controlled home environment. User trials: The group of persons are given a product to use at their own homes for a set period; they will then provide feedback on how the product fits in with their normal daily lives, the things they liked and disliked or even when and where they used the product. Figure 4: Aston Martin Rapide S (Rapide S, 2017) Figure 5: Rapide S interior (Rapide S, 2017) I have been in one of these, its a dream car. The noise the engine makes raises the hairs on your neck, the smell and feel of the interior is pure elegance (Physio-pleasure).Owning one of these would make me belong to a group of people that enjoy the finer things in life (Socio-pleasure). Sitting behind the wheel makes you feel important and powerful (Psycho-pleasure). One of Aston Martins policies is to do whatever it takes to reduce their carbon footprint; because with power comes responsibility thus we are responsible for the world we live in (Ideo-pleasure). User profile: This is a collection of the distinguishing features of a particular group of people for example people between 16-30 years old are more likely to listen to pop music than say people between 50- 70 years of age. User persona: This is a fictional user created by the designer to assist in the design process. This user will be created out of one of the user profiles and will be described in detail down to a name and character traits. Ergonomics looks at how we as humans move and what our body limitations are; to create designs that are more compatible with our bodies. This study allows designs to improve usability of the products whether it is something that sits better in the palm of your hand thereby prolonging the length of time the user can use the product without straining the body or a chair that curves with the spine to improve circulation etcetera, it all involves the study of what works best with our bodies. Figure 6: Push-button tap (Push button tap, N.D) The timed-flow tap is a good example of inclusive design, even though it is designed to supply a timed amount of water, the way it is designed means that a much larger group of people can use this tap in comparison to a regular tap, this tap can be used by people with disabilities such as arthritis or even amputees. This product can be used by many people without the need for adapting it. I have tried to think a bit more like a designer by keeping in mind what would be important to a client but also considering human factors, I found this a bit of a challenge as I am a hands on kind of guy but I understand that this needs improvement from my part. I tried to stick to the same format for my TMA as I scored well in the last TMA. Word count 936 (limit 900) Part 2: Researching and writing a design brief. Section 1: Gathering information. A product to improve fitness: Treadmills Product Area: Three of the broader market sectors use products for improving fitness; Retail sector consists of personal users, the Commercial sector contains entities such as Health clubs and the Public sector has hospitals etcetera. (AMAResearch, 2016) Cardiovascular exercise combats a range of disorders and improves overall wellbeing, thus a bicycle, treadmill or rowing machine would be a good. (Metabolic disorders, 2016) In 2015 approximately 67% of people aged between 16-54 years met the minimum recommended exercise levels in the UK; providing potentially large market areas. (Physical activity statistics 2015, 2016) Market sales for treadmills are approximately 83 million per year (Yozgat, 2014); this may not be accurate but its worth looking into treadmills. Users: Statistic shows people on higher income tend to exercise on a regular basis (Physical activity statistics 2015, 2016); aiming at the middle to top-end of the market would be ideal. The people that use treadmills tend to be those that are trying to lose weight, may have medical conditions making an exercise machine that can measure heart-rate and blood pressure in valuable. The largest group of people that exercise are aged 25 to 54, the working age; they do it to feel good or look better. (Fitnessforweightloss, 2015) Product information: Figure 7: ARGOS catalogue part 1 (ARGOS spring/summer 2017, N.D) Figure 8: ARGOS catalogue part 2 (ARGOS spring/summer 2017, N.D) The Argos catalogue showed a range of treadmills costing  £100- £3500; this includes manual treadmills and motorised treadmills. Cheaper models were less sturdy, had a smaller running surface because higher speeds cannot be achieved. Lower end models had smaller motors thus unable to maintain set speeds when an incline is introduced, creating a weight restriction for user usage. Top range models fold away electronically; this could be a safety concern for younger children. Materials Technologies: Parts Table 12 Extrusion rails 11 Electric motor 3 Treadmill belt 12 Drive unit 45 Rollers 13 Motor hood cover 6 Running deck 14 Treadmill frame 7 End cap 15 Electric circuit board 8 Elevation motor actuator 16 Control unit 9 Motor pan 17 Hand rails 10 Motor fan 18 Electric supply unit Figure 9: Basic treadmill parts( c.searspartsdirect.com,N.D) Table 1:Parts table for figure 9 The main materials are Polyurethane, Nylon-Polyester (treadmill belt), Steel or aluminium (frame) and wood (running deck). These are good materials with good properties; theyre recyclable or renewable making them environmentally friendly. Figure 10: Basic unit (Jhony, 2017) Figure 11: Advanced unit (fitness-superstore.co.uk, N.D.) As can be seen from above figures the control units can be basic to very advance; measuring all aspects of the fitness routine. Technologies already incorporated into treadmills are heart-rate monitoring sensors and blood pressure sensors. Theres opportunity to add ECG monitoring or Bio-electrical impedance for body fat measuring. I have a safety concern about treadmills that operate without a user being on it, this could cause harm to children. Word count 399 (limit 400) Section 2: Research Figure 12: Outer box Figure 13: Inner packaging Figure 14: Possibility of trapping wiring Figure 15: Cheap plastic part Figure 16: Feet rest with roller for moving Figure 17: MP3 connection User Research:User trip on a Reebok ZR9 treadmill, beginning at unpacking, assembly and first time use. During each stage I stopped and took note of my feelings, what I found interesting or disappointing. I was experiencing all four pleasures, something I have never taken notice of before, the Reebok brand made me feel like an athlete, the control unit made me feel excited about the different routines I could try out, the smooth lines of the treadmill is a pleasure to look at and professionalism is evident in all aspects. Points to note, packaging creates initial feeling of excitement and professionalism. Assembly was simple and clearly laid out, a concern is that electrical wiring could get trapped during assembly. Some parts looked cheap, not in keeping with design. Using the treadmill is user-friendly, no method of measuring weight and as I have no MP3 player the function to connect to one is of no use, create a wireless connection so any media can be played through the speakers. User trips are good for experiencing the pleasures but may be biased; I found I was willing to overlook faults. Prior operation knowledge meant I have learnt to navigate around nuisances meaning I may have missed something. I interviewed a personnel trainer at my local gym, this was very informative; I was able to learn a lot about what types of people use treadmills, when and for what reasons they use it, the trainer also pointed out some user tendencies. Interviews widen the variety of information available to you as designer. Things to note, treadmills are mainly used as a weight loss device and novice users only use the quick start function as they feel intimidated by all the different settings and functions. User Profile: I initially split my potential users into 3 groups, this was done by splitting them into age groups (15 to 23, 24-56 and 57+ years), I chose to do a user profile for the group aged between 24 to 56 years because this seems to be the group more likely to use and buy a treadmill based on their characteristics. User characteristics Treadmill users aged 24 to 56 years characteristics GenderBoth male and female. Physical limitationsMay range from fully-able bodied people to having some limitations such as, hearing and sight problems, mobility problems such as loss of a limb, can also range in shape and size. EducationLittle or no education, unable to read or write up to very high levels of education. Computer/IT skillsLikely to be well educated in computer literacy and technological advances. MotivationCan range from being well motivated to use a treadmill for social interaction, enhancing fitness state, relaxation (stress reduction) or controlling body weight to unmotivated to use it because of health reasons. AttitudeLikely to be positive depending on how effective the treadmill can provide the required training levels and features the user may be expecting. FinanceLow to high levels of income, more likely to be on higher levels of income as career tends to be well grounded at this stage. Daily physical activityMay range from being inactive due to working in an office; to very active working as a postal worker for example. Exercise equipment experienceVery likely to have experience in the use of a range of exercise equipment. LifestyleLikely to be athletic viewing exercise as fun, be sports-savvy viewing sport as a fashion statement, may be health oriented -likes to have a specific diet or may have medical reasons for keeping fit. User Persona: Leroy (Persona for the treadmill users aged 24 to 56 year group) Leroy is a 28 year old male. He works as a stock broker and earns  £80 000 per year, graduated from Queen Mary University with a MSc Wealth Management degree. Leroy is in a steady relationship with Claire, they are living in a spacious three bedroom upmarket apartment in a London suburb, it is situated near a large gym and very close to an Underground station; this makes travelling to pubs, shops and other amenities very simple. He lives a very fast paced life, takes great pride in his image. Shopping for good expensive clothing is important as this makes him stand out from others. Leroy plays squash with his friend Paul in the mornings to get him in the right frame of mind for work; this helps because he is very competitive. After work he will meet Claire at the Gym to do some cardio on the treadmill, this helps them to relax after a tough day. Having a treadmill at home will free up some time that he would appreciate spending with his friends and family. I used the persona activity to create a template for my persona, I immersed myself in to it, I imagined myself as Leroy, I know this may not be a true reflection of a real person and asking someone else to complete a persona notebook would perhaps give me views I could not imagine. Word count 849 (limit 800) Section 3: Detailed design brief Goal: To design a motorised treadmill that will improve overall fitness levels of the user according to their current state of health and well-being; with minimal programming input from the user. Context: People use treadmills for weight-loss, relaxation and stress-management or to maintain and improve their health and well-being. The main reason users dont exercise is; a lack of time, figuring out what program is best for the users goal is time consuming and confusing thus most users tend to use the basic stop start functions; making the user experience mundane and therefore the user is less likely to stay motivated. Users that have a goal to work towards or that is stimulated audio-visually are more likely to stay motivated and return to exercise more frequently. This brief provides an opportunity to challenge the traditional image of the treadmill that is seen as mundane by creating something interesting that forms part of the users everyday life. Constraints: The design must: User-centred, ease of use and functions to be self-explanatory. Energy-efficient, energy consumption must have an energy-efficiency rating of A or better. Non-moving parts to last lifespan of the design. All parts must be recyclable or come from a renewable source. Ready for market launch within a maximum of 5 years. To retail at approximately  £750. Able to connect with a variety of devices. Maintain a maximum speed of up to 16 km per hour with a maximum user load of up to 140kg. The running-deck must have a minimum running area of 135cm x 46cm. Mains operated. Be safe and reliable Criteria: The design should: Usable by able bodied and disable bodied users, limitations can include sight problems, hearing-loss and loss of limbs or mobility issues such as arthritis. Appeal to male and female users aged between 16-56 years. Require little to no maintenance. Assembly should be simple and easy to follow. Able to be stored neatly and compactly. Be easy to move during storage. Word Count 324 (limit 300) References ARGOS (2017) ARGOS spring / summer 2017, ARGOS. Aston Martin Rapide S (2017) Aston Martin. Available at: http://www.astonmartin.com/cars/rapide-s (Accessed: 4 February 2017). C.Searspartsdirect.com (No Date) Available at: http://c.searspartsdirect.com/lis_png/PLDM/P9110011-00001.png (Accessed: 6 February 2017). FitnessforWeightLoss (2015) Gym statistics: Members, equipment, and cancellations. Available at: http://www.fitnessforweightloss.com/gym-statistics-members-equipment-and-cancellations/ (Accessed: 4 February 2017). Fitness-Superstore.co.uk (No Date) Available at: http://www.fitness-superstore.co.uk/technogym-spazio-forma-folding-treadmill-with-training-link.html (Accessed: 3 January 2017). FreeGreatPicture (2016) Free photo man sports competition game Racquetball exercise. Available at: http://maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com/Man-Sports-Competition-Game-Racquetball-Exercise-89823 (Accessed: 9 February 2017). Image: History Gilbert (no date) Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilbertsa.co.za%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F01%2Fhistory31.jpgimgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilbertsa.co.za%2Fhistory%2Fdocid=8eSbVl-aVYRhrMtbnid=wdHhJhz5Z8ZayM%3Avet=1w=725h=275bih=636biw=1242q=rugby%20ball%20historyved=0ahUKEwjGo7jm0vbRAhXBD8AKHW8oAyoQMwgeKAIwAgiact=mrcuact=8#h=275imgrc=wdHhJhz5Z8ZayM:vet=1w=725 (Accessed: 4 February 2017). Image: Rugby ball Wikipedia (no date) Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F3%2F35%2FRichard_Lindon_(1816-1887).jpg%2F150px-Richard_Lindon_(1816-1887).jpgimgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRugby_balldocid=lW8pE2oOw1kUKMtbnid=JYnP6tWeXFBirM%3Avet=1w=150h=218bih=636biw=1242q=rugby%20ball%20historyved=0ahUKEwjGo7jm0vbRAhXBD8AKHW8oAyoQMwgpKA0wDQiact=mrcuact=8#h=218imgrc=JYnP6tWeXFBirM:vet=1w=150 (Accessed: 4 February 2017). Jhony (2017) Buy Opti manual folding treadmill at Argos.Co.Uk your online shop for treadmills, fitness equipment, sports and leisure. Available at: http://www.argos.co.uk/product/6127743 (Accessed: 6 February 2017). Metabolic disorders (2016) Available at: http://www.technogym.com/gb/business-solution/metabolic-disorders/ (Accessed: 3 January 2017). Pebble Technology (2012) Pebble watch trio group 04 Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pebble_watch_trio_group_04.png (Accessed: 23 January 2017). Physical activity statistics 2015 (2016) Available at: https://www.bhf.org.uk/publications/statistics/physical-activity-statistics-2015 (Accessed: 4 January 2017). Push button tap (no date) Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=push+button+tapespv=2biw=1242bih=636source=lnmstbm=ischsa=Xved=0ahUKEwjh3-aK1_bRAhVTOMAKHZ7gACkQ_AUIBygC#imgrc=AQF6rJotS-erZM: (Accessed: 4 February 2017). The Open University (2013) Designing for people: Book 2, Milton Keynes, The Open University. Yozgat, B. (2014) How many treadmills are sold each year? Available at: http://www.howmanyarethere.net/how-many-treadmills-are-sold-each-year/ (Accessed: 4 January 2017). (The references are not included in the word count)

Polonius in Shakespeares Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Polonius in Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In Shakespeare’s dramatic tragedy, Hamlet, the first victim of the rapier, Polonius, meets death behind the arras in Gertrude’s room in the castle. Polonius’ death contributes to Ophelia’s death and the deaths of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern; and these deaths, in turn, precipitate further tragedies in the play. Polonius, an underestimated character, will be the subject of this essay.    Polonius’ entry into the play occurs at the social get-together of the royal court. Claudius has already been crowned; Queen Gertrude is there; Hamlet is present in the black clothes of mourning. When Laertes approaches Claudius to give his farewell before returning to school, the king asks Polonius: â€Å"Have you your father's leave? What says Polonius?† And the father dutifully answers:    He hath, my lord, wrung from me my slow leave   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By laboursome petition, and at last   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Upon his will I seal'd my hard consent:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I do beseech you, give him leave to go.    So right at the outset the reader/viewer respects the lord chamberlain as a very fluent spokesman of the language, and respectful of his superior, the king. Later, in Polonius’ house, Laertes is taking leave of his sister, Ophelia, and, in the process, giving her conservative advice regarding her boyfriend, Hamlet. Quietly Polonius enters and begins to advise Laertes regarding life away from home:   Ã‚   Give thy thoughts no tongue,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nor any unproportioned thought his act.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Those friends thou hast, and their adoption tried,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Grapple them to thy soul with hoops of steel;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But do not dull thy palm with entertainment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of each new-hatch'd, unfledged comrade. Beware   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of entrance to a quarrel, but being in,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bear't that the opposed may beware of thee.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But not express'd in fancy; rich, not gaudy;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the apparel oft proclaims the man,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And they in France of the best rank and station   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Are of a most select and generous chief in that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Neither a borrower nor a lender be;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For loan oft loses both itself and friend,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This above all: to thine ownself be true,

Critical evaluation of An Inspector Calls Essay -- English Literature

Critical evaluation of An Inspector Calls An Inspector Calls ‘An Inspector Calls’ is a play set in the mystery/ detective thriller genre. It is set in 1912 however it was written by J.B Priestly in 1945 and staged in Moscow. As he lived through both wars he could see what had actually happened in the time the play was set. J.B Priestly uses the characters to express his views on the issue of social responsibility, morality and about class divisions with many themes including greed, regret, guilt and blame. ‘An Inspector Calls’ is about the Birling family who are quite wealthy. They are celebrating their daughters engagement with her fiancà ©, Gerald. An Inspector arrives and breaks up the party, questioning the family on the death of a young Eva Smith, who had killed herself by drinking disinfectant. Upon questioning each member of the family seems to be involved in her death and is slowly forced to confess. When the Inspector finally leaves they find out that he is a fake. But at the very end they get a phone call telling them that a young woman has just killed herself and that there is an Inspector on his way to speak to them about it. An Inspector Calls is what is known as a well made play. Its progression is that from ignorance to knowledge (for both the audience and the characters). During the course of the play the action is mostly focused on Eva Smith/ Daisy Renton. At the beginning of the play Sheila is described as a pretty girl in her early twenties, very pleased with life and rather excited. The reader gets the impression that she is a very relaxed, spoilt, and innocent girl who is very naà ¯ve. At the start of the play Sheila has a very good, happy relationship with her family and fianc... ...ing about the public finding out and if the inspector is real or fake. Sheila is the character which is explored in this essay. Responsibility is developed through her character as her reactions and responses are compared to her family’s. Although she is the youngest, she behaves in a mature manner answering the Inspector’s questions whereas her family refuses. She understands what has happened and takes responsibility for her actions. Change is developed from the beginning to the very end. In the beginning Sheila is carefree, innocent and naà ¯ve. She has no worries or concerns. However towards the end she develops a social conscience and an understanding of the real world. She is emotionally stronger and has doubts about her parents. She has learnt a lot from her experience and even though the inspector was a fraud she is still aware of her actions.

Aims and Objectives Of A Business :: Business Management Strategy

Business aims Every business has aims, these are long-term goals of a business. They are designed to provide a focus for staff and to help a business achieve its key purpose. The aims in the privately owned business usually are to provide goods and/or services to the best of the business ability and to make enough profit to survive. The aims of a public sector business usually are to provide essential and efficient services for the state. A business can have more than one aim but it is sensible for them not to have too many so they can focus on the aims which are most appropriate to the main purpose of their business. Business Objectives Business objectives are more detailed goals than business aims, they are targets which get set to accomplish the business aims. Generally, business objectives are easier to achieve than business aims as they are broken down into smaller and easier steps. The objectives of a privately owned business would usually be to increase sales, to increase the number of customers or to reduce costs so that more customers are interested in their business. The objectives of a public sector business would usually be to meet customer targets (an example of this would be to reduce waiting times or to employ more staff) or to keep costs low. Mission statement Every large business has a mission statement. A mission statement is the main purpose that the business is working towards. It is often short and catchy. Mission statements that privately owned businesses create often mention increasing customers, improving employees, lowering or increasing the cost of their products and making their products better value for money whilst publicly owned organisations mention improving the service they provide by concentrating on the quality of their service, the efficiency and especially the customer service. Survival When in a business we talk about “survival” we refer to when a business is facing a hard time and whether or not they can get out of it or whether they will have to close down. This happens when trading becomes difficult. A method by which businesses survive is to aim to break-even (make enough money to cover the total costs involved in producing, selling goods or services and running the business) over a certain period. This doesn’t make the business any profit but neither does the business lose any money, and therefore they are able to survive.

Learning foreign language Essay

Over the past two decades, countries in the world have become more and more interdependent and new technologies have erased many existing borders. So, learning English is very importance to economic development, Academic benefit to students, cultural understanding, expand relationships, and get better job. Learning Foreign Language Outline I. Introduction Thesis statement: Learning Foreign Language help learner have change to get better life. Learner can extend knowledge about many cultural in the world, get more relationships and good job. II. Economic development III. Academic benefits to student IV. Cultural understanding V. Expand relationships VI. Get better job VII. Conclusion Learning Foreign Language The Cause of Learning English Learning English is very important. English is a language which is spoken and understood by many people in most countries of the world. It is, in fact the most important means of communication among the various countries of the world. Knowledge of new discover ies and inventions in one country is transmitted to other countries through English for the benefit of the world. In this way English help to spread knowledge and progress. Learning English to economic development. To be competitive on a global scale, the business world of tomorrow needs individuals who can work in a culturally diverse environment and who have strong skills in a foreign language. Especially, is English. Additionally, many businesses are looking for people who are proficient in speak English. Such skills are needed in service industries (hotel, tourism, food); publishers and entertainment industries (films, radio, and sound production); corporate offices with overseas accounts; and also in other areas such as medicine, law, business, journalism, and more general government work. Knowing English provides a competitive edge in career choices in today’s and tomorrow’s world. The study of English affects academic areas as well. Research has shown that children who have studied English in elementary school achieve higher scores on standardized tests in reading, language arts, and mathematics than those who have not (Masciantonio, Rafferty). The results of the Louisiana Report on foreign language and basic skills (Rafferty) show that regardless of their race, sex, or academic level, students in English classes outperformed those who were not taking English. Learning English has also been shown to enhance listening skills and memory, and the development of second language skills can contribute a significant additional dimension to the concept of Learning Foreign Language communication. Furthermore, students who have studied English develop greater cognitive skills in such areas as mental flexibility, creativity, divergent thinking and higher order thinking skills (Foster and Reeves; Landry; Rafferty; Ginsburg and McCoy). Data from the Admissions Testing Program of the College Board show a positive correlation between SAT scores and the study of English. Verbal scores of students increased with each additional year of language study. Interestingly, the verbal scores of students who had taken four or five years of English were higher than the verbal scores of  students who had taken four or five years of any other subjects. Learning English to research and study about culture in the world. And due to the fact that you can be entertainment and learn about people, cultures in the world. Initial, that is traveling. Tourist places in the world is the dream, which is the joy of so many people, but the realization that the dream requires you to have many money and should also have a little others language anymore. Learning a language is to receive knowledge and, culture, cuisine, popular tourist destinations of the country †¦if you come to a place where you are completely ignorant of the native people, you will feel extremely helpless and lost yourself and it was rescheduled travel plan by just as much to cover costs . So try to learn a foreign language it is the lowest ticket prices for the cross-country trip. Cast, because of assess about literature, music and film in the world. All great work of literature and artistry in the world are written by many others language. One translation is never impact all the meaning and original of the author. Reading by the languages of authors is the best way to experience the writings. Like that, when you read their original forms of general theatre, music, film their values will be kept full. Primarily, a language enhance your understanding of the country and its culture. Henri Delacroix, painter and French Learning Foreign Language filmmaker said: â€Å"The whole experience of individuals is formed based on the language of the plan. â€Å"Knowing a language is a chance for you to see yourself and your country’s culture from outside. When contact with others languages, meaning that you have linked to a culture, customs and traditions and others. This gives you a good overview, complete and more objective about people, about life. â€Å"Language embodies the world view of a culture and is unique to the culture that created it. It reflects values and concepts that are deemed to be the most important by a culture. A language describes the culture it comes from.† (Noam Chomsky) â€Å"I wish life was not so short,† he thought. â€Å"Languages take such a time, and so do all the things one wants to know about.† J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973), English Professor & author of the â€Å"Hobbit† & â€Å"Lord of the Rings† Learning English to expand relationships people. They learn English and they may have many friends. Knowing a new language will help you to increase the number of friends in the world. In a new environment where have English, you can communicate, learn, get acquainted or exchange, to share with the locals or international students. Possibly, you can easily express their views or concerns about their problems and people do not have any difficulty to understand what you say and you think. You have many friends, so you will extend the view of communicating. Another language will be vent your feelings, and help you understand how other people think. Some people want to learn English to insult people without them understanding what you are say. In addition to, Language influences culture, so learning a language helps you to understand how other people think, and it also helps you to get a general understanding of our world and the many people and cultures that inhabit it. If you and some of your relatives, friends Learning Foreign Language or colleagues speak a language that few people understand, you can talk freely in public without fear of anyone eavesdropping, and you can keep any written material secret. And you can use native language to talk about secret communications. â€Å"Language is not a genetic gift, it is a social gift. Learning a new language is becoming a member of the club -the community of speakers of that language.† Frank Smith. English is not only the main language of business, but also the main language of social interaction. Although most countries have their own language, English is the one language that unites the entire world. Knowing English is the most important step towards becoming a global citizen – a person that can live anywhere, thrive anywhere, and speak to anyone. Would it not be amazing to overcome all communication barriers and be able to exchange thoughts and ideas with someone your age, or from your field of work, from say any native language? Forming lasting relationships, not only for business, but also for friendship or for love and globalization. If you want to joy in a social oganization like non-governmental oganization or charity oganization..  English is necessary. If you want to joy in social network like face book, twitter, email†¦ English is necessary. Learning English to get better job. Learning English is a good opportunity for those looking to advance their career. Whether you are currently employed or if you will be entering the workforce, learning English can improve your chances for getting a job and can also lead to career advancement for those of you already employed. Another perk to learning English is that you can use these skills to work abroad in other English speaking countries. In today’s world of multinational corporations, individuals from all around the world need to communicate and understand one another. In most companies, English is the primary means of communication. Because of this, many companies look to employ individuals who can speak one or more languages. Learning Foreign Language Whether you become fluent or bilingual in English, this may mean job security and more rewarding opportunities. There is no doubt that learning English is an advantage in today’s international society giving you the ability to communicate and do business all around the world! No matter what industry you are in, learning English for work will provide you with unlimited possibilities. In conclusion, if education is a means to prepare students for the complicated world they inhabit, then the educational system cannot deprive students of a general education in the area of foreign language. The value of such an education not only lies in job preparation but also in developing an understanding of other people and cultures. So, learning English is very important for everybody. Learning Foreign Language REFERENCES Chugani, H. (1993). â€Å"Reshaping Brain for Better Future.† As quoted in Chicago Tribune, April 15. Cohen, P. (1995). â€Å"Understanding the Brain.† Education Update. ASCD. Cooper, T. (1987). â€Å"Foreign Language Study and SAT Verbal Scores.† Modern Language Journal 71, pp. 381-387. Gingsburg, H. and McC oy, I. (1981). â€Å"An Empirical Rationale for Foreign Language in Elementary Schools.†Modern Language Journal 65, pp. 36-42. Hirsch, J. Quoted in Winslow, R. (1997). â€Å"How Language Is Stored in Brain Depends on Age.† Wall Street Journal, July 10. Krashen S. and M. Long et al. (1982). Child-Adult Differences in Second Language Acquisition. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House. Olsen, S. A. and L.K. Brown (1992). â€Å"The Relation Between High School Study of Foreign Languages and ACT English and Mathematics Performance.† ADFL Bulletin 23, No. 3. Rafferty, E. A. (1986). Second Language Study and Basic Skills in Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana Department of Education. By : group 4 1. Tran Thi Thuy Hang 2. Nguyen Thi Hoa 3. Nguyen Thi Kieu Oanh 4. Lieu Thi Thuy 5. Tran Thi Hoai Thu 6. Le Thi Anh Tuyet 7. Hoang Thi Minh Phuong

What Is Inclusion

What is inclusion ? inclusive genteelness is concerned with the didactics and readjustment of alone children within the classroom, regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, or linguistic deficits. inclusion should also let in children from disadvantaged groups, of in entirely(a) races and cultures as rise as the gifted and the disabled (UNESCO, 2003). comprehension tries to inhibit exclusion within the facts of life formation by tackling, responding to and meeting the different necessitate of each scholarly persons (Booth, 1996). It involves changing the education form so that it end arrest the anomalous styles and way of acquire of each settleer and determine that there is quality education for each through the white plague of worthy resources, appropriate teaching strategies and partnerships within the fellowship (UNESCO, 2003).Inclusion will not happen instantaneously notwithstanding requires cargonful planning and thinking, despotic attitudes and behaviour and utilising the necessary specialised substitute, accommodations and adaptations to ensure all children change state part of the rail (Burstein, Sears, Wilcoxen, Cabello & Spagna, 2004), actively participate in the education system and later become fully contributing members of society (Department of raising, 2001). comprehensive education is roughly ensuring that schooldayss asshole meet the call for of all learners. It is then the responsibility of an inclusive school to embrace the diversity and special pick ups of all its learners, (Flem, Moen & Gudmundsdottir, 2004) identify and minimise the barriers to education (Department of education, 2001) and create a tolerant and reverential atmosphere in which people are valued and stigmatisation is minimised (Carrington & Robinson, 2004). all told children thus wishing to be given the support they need so they can achieve success, know a sense of security and break to a familiarity (Iarskaia-Smirnova, & Loshakova, 2004 Burke & Sutherland, 2004). comprehensive education also recognises that eruditeness occurs both(prenominal) at home and in the community and therefore the support of parents, family and the community is spanking (Department of subject area, 2001). Truly inclusive schools understand the uniqueness of every child, that all children can learn and that all children have different gifts, strengths information styles and needs.These schools then provide the appropriate mover and support through which these needs can be met (UNESO, 2003) The varying ability of children in the classroom means that in nine for all to be educationally challenged, teachers should dictate activities and set learning intentions in received ways to ensure the equal opportunities of learning for all children. By examining the work of theorists, such as Piaget (1961) and Vygotsky (1978), the importance of motivating all children by providing challenging tasks is extremely significant. Of data track these tasks must be differentiated to distinguish for the range of ability in classrooms and it is therefore vital for teachers to acknowledge the level of somebody children, so that appropriate tasks can be set to fulfil certain goals and heighten learning It is important to remember that note can also be leave in gender, social class, ethnicity and religion. instructors should provide all children with equal opportunities to their right to a light education, building and developing the childs individual needs.Planning should accommodate for the differences in ability and process of all children, including the more able and those with special educational needs (DFES, 2004,) Teachers should provide attention and individual support to all children and when they are busy with a focus group they should return to any separate children who had problems when they can (DfES, S3. 2. 4). This essay has shown how inclusive education is not a straight in advance process that can be employ overnight. Rather it requires a lot of planning, support, resources and reviewing.There is across-the-board research that southwestward Africa can use to make inclusive education happy in conspiracy Africa. The major impedimenta preventing the successful implementation of inclusion in South Africa is not our lack of resources but rather the teachers lack of knowledge well-nigh children with special needs and how to accommodate them in regular classes. On-going intensive training, professional organic evolution and support are therefore undeniable so that teachers attitudes can become appointed and their willingness to promote inclusion can be maximised.Teachers thus need to change their mindset, become more willing to try refreshful and different curricular strategies, engage in more joint planning and co-op learning strategies and believe that all children can learn (Schmidt Harriman, 1998). This can only be done however if teachers are equip with t he necessary skills needed to include all learners. Inclusion can become a practical process in South Africa as long as we regard at what has made it successful in other countries and build on from there. interview List 1. Allan, J. (2003). Productive pedagogies and the challenge of inclusion. In British ledger of limited facts of life 30 (4) 175 179. 1. Ainscow, M, Booth, t & Dyson, A. (2004) reason and developing inclusive practices in schools a collaborative action research network. In International diary of inclusive teaching method 8 (2) 125 139 1. Booth, T. (1996). A attitude on Inclusion from England. In Cambridge ledger of Education 26 (1) 87 100. 1. Burke, K & Sutherland, C. (2004). Attitudes toward Inclusion Knowledge versus Experience. In Education 125 (2) 163 172. . Burstein, N, Sears, S, Wilcoxen, A, Cabello, B, & Spagna, M. (2004). Moving Toward inclusive entrusts. In Remedial & supererogatory Education 25 (2) 104 116. 1. Carrington, S & Robinson, R. (2004). A case study of inclusive school development a journey of learning. In International Journal of Inclusive Education 8 (2) 141 153 1. Cross, A. F, Traub, E. K, Hutter-Pishgahi, L & Shelton, G. (2004). Elements of Successful Inclusion for Children with Significant Disabilities. In Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 24 (3) 169 183 1.De Lange, J. P. (1989). Politics and Education. Pretoria. South Africa. 1. Department of Education. (2001). Education White musical theme 6 on Special demand Education Building an Inclusive Education and Training System. trustworthy from the human beings vast sack on twentieth July 2005. entanglement enshroud http//education. pwv. gov. za 1. Deppeler, J & Harvey, D. (2004). Validating the British Index for Inclusion for the Australian stage setting Stage 1. In International Journal of Inclusive Education 8 (2) one hundred fifty-five 184 1. Flem, A, Moen, T & Gudmundsdottir, S. (2004). Towards inclusive schooling a study o f inclusive education in practice. In European Journal of Special Needs Education 19 (1) 85 97 1. Forlin, C. (2004). Promoting Inclusivity in Western Australian Schools. In International Journal of Inclusive Education 8 (2) 185 202 1. Hegarty, S. Educating Children and Young heap with Disabilities Principles and the Review of Practice. acquire from the World grand vane on 20th July 2005. network speak to http//unesdoc. unesco. org/images/0009/000955/095511eo. pdf 1. Hunt, P. , Staub, D. , Alwell, M. Goetz, L. (1994). Achievement by all students within the context of cooperative learning groups. In Journal of the Association for Persons with gross(a) Handicaps, 19, 290-301. 1. Iarskaia-Smirnova, E. R Loshakova, I. I. (2004). Inclusive Education of disable Children. In Russian Education and fellowship 46 (2) 63 74 1. Jobe, D, Rust, J. O, Brissie, J. (1996). Teacher attitudes toward inclusion of students with disabilities into regular classrooms. In Education 117(1), 234-245. 1. Peck, C. A, Staub, D, Gallucci, C Schwartz, I. (2004). Parent Perception of the Impacts of Inclusion on their Nondisabled Child. In Research & Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities 29 (2) 135 143 1. Raschke, D & Bronson, J. (1999). Creative Educators at Work All Children Including those with Disabilities Can Play Traditional schoolroom Games. Received from the World blanket(a) mesh on 20th July 2005. Web Address http//www. uni. edu/coe/inclusion/philosophy/benefits. html. 1. Schmidt, M. W & Harriman, N. E. (1998). pedagogy Strategies for Inclusive Classrooms. Harcourt Bruce College Publishers New York. . Sharpe, M. , York, J, & Knight, J (1994). effect of inclusion on the academic performance of classmates without disabilities. In Remedial and Special Education, 15, 281-287. 1. Stroeve, W. (1998). angiotensin-converting enzyme of the Kids Educating children with and without disabilities together in the same classes and schools. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address www. aare. edu. au/03pap/hea03769. pdf 1. Turner, N. D & Traxler, M. (2000). Childrens Literature for the Primary Inclusive Classroom. Delmar Thompson Learning Africa. 1. UNESCO. (2003).Overcoming Exclusion through Inclusive Approaches in Education A altercate & a Vision A abstract Paper. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address http//unesdoc. unesco. org/images/0013/001347/134785e. pdf 1. UNESCO. (1994). The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address http//www. unesco. org/education/information/nfsunesco/pdf/SALAMA_E. PDF 1. UNESCO. (2005). First Steps Stories on Inclusion in Early Childhood Education. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005.Web Address http//unesdoc. unesco. org/images/0011/001102/110238eo. pdf 1. UNESCO. (2001). Including the Excluded Meeting sort in Education. Received from the World Wide Web o n 20th July 2005. Web Address http//dit-fs1. hq. int. unesco. org/ulis/docs/0012/001226/122613eo. pdf 1. Van Kraayenoord, C. (2003). The Task of captain maturement. In International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 50 (4) 363 365 1. Wong, A. I. P, Pearson, V & Kuen Lo, E. M. (2004). Competing philosophies in the classroom a challenge to Hong Kong teachers.